Enlightenment Philosophers Essay

John Locke (1632-1704) The British philosopher John Locke was especially known for his liberal, anti-authoritarian theory of the state[->0], his empirical theory of knowledge, his advocacy of religious toleration, and his theory of personal identity. In his own time, he was famous for arguing that the divine right of kings is supported neither by scripture nor by the use of reason. In developing his theory of our duty to obey the state, he attacked the idea that might makes right: Starting from an initial state of nature with no government, police or private property, we humans could discover by careful reasoning that there are natural laws[->1] which suggest that we have natural rights[->2] to our own persons and to our own labor. Eventually we could discover that we should create a social contract[->3] with others, and out of this contract emerges our political obligations and the institution of private. This is how reasoning places limits on the proper use of power by government authorities. Regarding epistemology[->4], Locke disagreed with Descartes[->5]‘ rationalist theory that knowledge is any idea that seems clear and distinct to us. Instead, Locke claimed that knowledge is direct awareness of facts concerning the agreement or disagreement among our ideas. By â€Å"ideas,† he meant mental objects, and by assuming that some of these mental objects represent non-mental objects he inferred that this is why we can have knowledge of a world external to our minds. Although we can know little for certain and must rely on probabilities[->6], he believed it is our God-given obligation to obtain knowledge and not always to acquire our beliefs by accepting the word of authorities[->7] or common superstition. Ideally our beliefs should be held firmly or tentatively depending on whether the evidence is strong or weak. He praised the scientific reasoning of Boyle and Newton as exemplifying this careful formation of beliefs. He said that at birth our mind has no innate ideas; it is blank, a tabula rasa. As our mind gains simple ideas from sensation, it forms complex ideas from these simple ideas by processes of combination, division, generalization and abstraction. Radical for his time, Locke asserted that in order to help children not develop bad habits of thinking, they should be trained to base their beliefs on sound evidence, to learn how to collect this evidence, and to believe less strongly when the evidence is weaker. We all can have knowledge of God[->8]‘s existence by attending to the quality of the evidence available to us, primarily the evidence from miracles[->9]. Our moral obligations, says Locke, are divine commands[->10]. We can learn about those obligations both by God’s revealing them to us and by our natural capacities to discover natural laws. He hoped to find a deductive system[->11] of ethics in analogy to our deductive system of truths of geometry. Regarding personal identity[->12], Locke provided an original argument that our being the same person from one time to another consists neither in our having the same soul nor the same body, but rather the same consciousness. Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679): Moral and Political Philosophy The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes is best known for his political thought, and deservedly so. His vision of the world is strikingly original and still relevant to contemporary politics. His main concern is the problem of social and political order: how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict. He poses stark alternatives: we should give our obedience to an unaccountable sovereign (a person or group empowered to decide every social and political issue). Otherwise what awaits us is a â€Å"state of nature† that closely resembles civil war – a situation of universal insecurity, where all have reason to fear violent death and where rewarding human cooperation is all but impossible. His most famous work is Leviathan, a classic of English prose (1651; a slightly altered Latin edition appeared in 1668). Leviathan expands on the argument of De Cive, mostly in terms of its huge second half that deals with questions of religion. One controversy has dominated interpretations of Hobbes. Does he see human beings as purely self-interested or egoistic[->13]? Several passages support such a reading, leading some to think that his political conclusions can be avoided if we adopt a more realistic picture of human nature. However, most scholars now accept that Hobbes himself had a much more complex view of human motivation. A major theme below will be why the problems he poses cannot be avoided simply by taking a less â€Å"selfish† view of human nature. Hobbes’s moral thought is difficult to disentangle from his politics. On his view, what we ought to do depends greatly on the situation in which we find ourselves. Where political authority is lacking (as in his famous natural condition of mankind[->14]), our fundamental right seems to be to save our skins, by whatever means we think fit. Where political authority exists, our duty seems to be quite straightforward: to obey those in power. But we can usefully separate the ethics from the politics if we follow Hobbes’s own division. For him ethics is concerned with human nature, while political philosophy deals with what happens when human beings interact. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712—1778) Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in 1750. In this work, Rousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of virtue and morality. This discourse won Rousseau fame and recognition, and it laid much of the philosophical groundwork for a second, longer work, The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. The second discourse did not win the Academy’s prize, but like the first, it was widely read and further solidified Rousseau’s place as a significant intellectual figure. The central claim of the work is that human beings are basically good by nature, but were corrupted by the complex historical events that resulted in present day civil society. Rousseau’s praise of nature is a theme that continues throughout his later works as well, the most significant of which include his comprehensive work on the philosophy of education, the Emile, and his major work on political philosophy, The Social Contract: both published in 1762. These works caused great controversy in France and were immediately banned by Paris authorities. Rousseau fled France and settled in Switzerland, but he continued to find difficulties with authorities and quarrel with friends. The end of Rousseau’s life was marked in large part by his growing paranoia and his continued attempts to justify his life and his work. This is especially evident in his later books, The Confessions, The Reveries of the Solitary Walker, and Rousseau: Judge of Jean-Jacques. Rousseau greatly influenced Immanuel Kant’s work on ethics. His novel Julie or the New Heloise impacted the late eighteenth century’s Romantic Naturalism movement, and his political ide als were championed by leaders of the French Revolution. The Social Contract is, like the Discourse on Political Economy, a work that is more philosophically constructive than either of the first two Discourses. Furthermore, the language used in the first and second Discourses is crafted in such a way as to make them appealing to the public, whereas the tone of the Social Contract is not nearly as eloquent and romantic. Another more obvious difference is that the Social Contract was not nearly as well-received; it was immediately banned by Paris authorities. And although the first two Discourses were, at the time of their publication, very popular, they are not philosophically systematic. The Social Contract, by contrast, is quite systematic and outlines how a government could exist in such a way that it protects the equality and character of its citizens. But although Rousseau’s project is different in scope in the Social Contract than it was in the first two Discourses, it would be a mistake to say that there is no philosophical c onnection between them. For the earlier works discuss the problems in civil society as well as the historical progression that has led to them. The Discourse on the Sciences and Arts claims that society has become such that no emphasis is put on the importance of virtue and morality. The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality traces the history of human beings from the pure state of nature through the institution of a specious social contract that results in present day civil society. The Social Contract does not deny any of these criticisms. In fact, chapter one begins with one of Rousseau’s most famous quotes, which echoes the claims of his earlier works: â€Å"Man was/is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.† (Social Contract, Vol. IV, p. 131). But unlike the first two Discourses, the Social Contract looks forward, and explores the potential for moving from the specious social contract to a legitimate one. Voltaire (1694-1778) Voltaire (real name Franà §ois-Marie Arouet) (1694 – 1778) was a French philosopher and writer of the Age of Enlightenment[->15]. His intelligence, wit and style made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers, despite the controversy he attracted. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform (including the defense of civil liberties, freedom of religion and free trade), despite the strict censorship laws and harsh penalties of the period, and made use of his satirical works to criticize Catholic dogma and the French institutions of his day. Along with John Locke[->16], Thomas Hobbes[->17] and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, his works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions. He was a prolific writer, and produced works in almost every literary form (plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, over 21,000 letters and over two thousand books and pamphlets). As his best-known work, Candideis a satirical examination on numerous themes like religion, philosophy, and government, written in the mordant wit and skepticism that Voltaire employs in so many of his works. Translated to numerous languages and adapted to the stage and screen, Voltaire’s opus continues to be widely read over two centuries later. Voltaire certainly gained enough real life experience to garner a cynical attitude towards established dogmatic institutions that repressed the individual during his lifetime. Why does so much evil exist, seeing that everything is formed by a God whom all theists are agreed in naming â€Å"good?† (â€Å"Why?† Philosophical Dictionary, 1764). In his later years Voltaire championed the rights of victims of religious, cultural, and political persecution, sharing many of the same views as Jean Jacques Rousseau[->18] (1712-1778) Charles- de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)Montesquieu was a French[->19] social commentator and political thinker[->20] who lived during the Enlightenment[->21]. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers[->22], taken for granted in modern discussions of government[->23] and implemented in many constitutions[->24] throughout the world. Montesquieu’s most influential work divided French society into three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined): the monarchy[->25], the aristocracy[->26], and the commons[->27]. Montesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign[->28] and the administrative. The administrative powers were the executive[->29], the legislative[->30], and the judicial[->31]. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination. This was a radical idea because it completely eliminated the three Estates[->32] structure of the French Monarchy: the clergy[->33], the aristocracy, and the people at large represented by the Estates-General[->34], thereby erasing the last vestige of a feudalistic[->35] structure.Likewise, there were three main forms of government, each supported by a social â€Å"principle†: monarchies[->36] (free governments headed by a hereditary figure, e.g. king, queen, emperor), which rely on the principle of honor; republics[->37] (free governments headed by popularly elected leaders), which rely on the principle of virtue; and despotisms[->38] (enslaved governments headed by dictators[->39]), which rely on fear. The free governments are dependent on fragile constitutional arrangements. Montesquieu devotes four chapters of The Spirit of the Laws to a discussion of England, a contemporary free government, where liberty was sustained by a balance of powers. Montesquieu worried that in France the intermediate powers (i.e., the nobility) which moderated the power of the prince were being eroded. These ideas of the control of power were often used in the thinking of Maximilien de Robespierre[->40].Montesquieu was somewhat ahead of his time in advocating major reform of slavery in The Spirit of the Laws[->41]. As part of his advocacy he presented a satirical hypothetical list of arguments for slavery[->42], which has been open to contextomy[->43]. However, like many of his generation, Montesquieu also held a number of views that might today be judged controversial. He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of primogeniture[->44], and while he endorsed the idea that a woman could head a state, he held that she could not be effective as the head of a family.|| Thomas Jefferson (1741-1826) Thomas Jefferson was born in Virginia in 1743 and died on July 4, 1826, t the same day as John[->45] Adams, his life long associate and friend. Their e relationship illustrates the dichotomy that was Thomas Jefferson. He a was the author of the Declaration of Independence, a Secretary of State, a an envoy to France, the third president of the United States, a founder of t the Democratic-Republican party, the anti-federalists party. Baron Charles de Montesquieu’s views on the separation of powers, and t the protection for the rights of the citizenry influenced Jefferson. He believed in the virtues of â€Å"checks and balances† in the formation of the national government, its secured rights and protection for the people. While his views of humanity were more idealistic than those of Madison, they were in agreement for different reasons, for controlling a strong central government. Jefferson, however, opted more for states rights as a means of protection for America’s citizen, an attitude that exemplified his anti-Federalist views. His political thinking was in some respects Newtonian, and he saw social systems as analogous to physical systems. Under this philosophy, love takes the place in the social world that gravity does in the physical world, so that all people are naturally attracted to each other, and it is dependence that corrupts this attraction and results in political problems. Wood argues that, though the phrase â€Å"all men are created equal† was a clichà © in the late 18th century, Jefferson took it further than most. Jefferson held that not only are all men created equal, but they remain equal throughout their lives, equally capable of this attractive love, and that it is their level of dependence that make them unequal in practice. Thus, removing all this corrupting dependence would make all men equal in practice. Thus, Jefferson idealized a future relatively devoid of dependence, in particular those caused by banking or royal influences. Jefferson’s concepts of democracy were rooted in The Enlightenment[->46]. He envisioned democracy an expression of society as a whole, calling for national self-determination, cultural uniformity, and based upon the education of the all the people. The emphasis on uniformity allowed no opportunity for a multiracial republic in which some groups were not fully assimilated into the identical republican values William Blackstone (1723-1780) Blackstone was the great Eighteenth Century English legal scholar whose philosophy and writings were infused with Judeo-Christian principles. The Ten Commandments are at the heart of Blackstone’s philosophy. Blackstone taught that man is created by God and granted fundamental rights by God. Man’s law must be based on God’s law. Our Founding Fathers referred to Blackstone more than to any other English or American authority. Blackstone’s great work, Commentaries on the Laws of England, was basic to the U. S. Constitution. This work has sold more copies in America than in England and was a basic textbook of America’s early lawyers. It was only in the mid-Twentieth Century that American law, being re-written by the U. S. Supreme Court, repudiated Blackstone. An attack on Blackstone is an attack on the U. S. Constitution and our nation’s Judeo-Christian foundations. Blackstone’s Commentaries draws on standard authorities from Bracton onwar d, especially Matthew Hale’s Analysis of the Law, but it is far more accessible. Book I, â€Å"Rights of Persons,† deals with government, church, corporations, and individuals; Book II, â€Å"Rights of Things,† with property, especially land; Book III, â€Å"Private Wrongs,† with torts; and Book IV, â€Å"Public Wrongs,† with crime and punishment. An immediate success—contemporary readers included George III, Burke, Edmund[->47], Charles James Fox, and legions of lawyers and laymen—it went through eight British editions in his lifetime and fifteen more by 1854, as well as numerous abridgements. The standard legal textbook for a century, it helped establish law as a university subject. The first of many American editions appeared in 1771-72, and it was translated into French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish. Though outdated in some particulars, Blackstone remains widely read. Though systematic and thorough, Blackstone was conservative and provincial. He argued that the king could do no wrong, though he regarded parliament as essential and endorsed the separation of powers. He was convinced of the superiority of English common law, though his knowledge of civil law was limited (what he knew came from Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques[->48], Grotius, Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de[->49], and Pufendorf). His constitutional theory drew upon John Locke and Montesquieu, but he was not an Enlightenment creature. He had numerous critics: Priestley, Joseph[->50] objected to his comments on religious dissenters and most famously, Bentham, Jeremy[->51] denounced his views on the sovereignty of government, as did John Austin later. Other critics included Boswell, James[->52], Gibbon, Edward[->53], and Johnson, Samuel[->54].

‘On The Idle Hill’ and ‘The Charge Of The Light Brigade’ Essay

In this essay I intend to write about and compare these two poems, ‘On The Idle Hill’ and ‘The Charge Of The Light Brigade.’ I have chosen these two particular poems because I feel I have a greater understanding of them and I found them the most powerful out of the selection, I also thought they showed best the experience of war. A.E.Housman wrote ‘On The Idle Hill’ in 1896, he was not thinking of a particular war when he wrote it he looked at the beauty and horror of war. I will use (1) to represent ‘On The Idle Hill’. Alfred Tennyson wrote ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ in 1854. He was writing about the Crimean war that occurred between 1854 and 1856. I will use (2) to represent ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’. In this essay I will look at layout and also various writing techniques for example, alliteration, metaphors and personification. Poem (1) is on the subject of war in general; it’s about the glory and the disaster of the whole experience. It begins with the build up to war by talking about the stillness before the war and also talks about the drumming noise from afar it then goes on to tell of the soldiers marching into battle. It ends with the image of death and destruction like a blanket over the ground. Poem (2) is all about the Crimean War from a poet’s point of view. It follows the British Cavalry into war and it gives a detailed picture of all that happened during the battle. (2) begins with the order from the British cavalry commander to go forward and attack, he had mistaken the orders given to him and the poem then tells us about the tragic consequences. I am now going to look at the layout of each poem. (1) Is a small poem that consists of four verses that have four lines each; the lines are all of similar length. It uses indentations to make the poem look attractive and to make it appeal to potential readers. (2) Is a lot more random; it has six verses that contain between 8 and 12 lines. The lengths of these lines vary and indentations are used randomly throughout the poem. I am now going to look at the language used by each poet. In (1) the poet Housman begins by setting the scene he creates a tranquil and calm atmosphere by using words such as; summer, sleepy, streams and dreams, I think he paints this picture to show how a peaceful area can be so damaged and disrupted by war. He then introduces war by mentioning the drumming noise from far away; at the end of verse two is the first time he mentions humans, â€Å"Soldiers marching all to die,† (V2 line 4). He doesn’t go into any detail of the battle, which keeps this poem quite serene. He then goes straight to the death and destruction that was left after the battle, he uses words like; bones, forgotten, dead and rotten. They are all quite dark words and in the readers mind will probably create a picture of morbid stillness. (2) Is a very detailed report on what happened during the battle whereas the other was dreamier. The first two verses are setting the scene by saying what happened when they first went into war, there are hardly any adjectives. Verses three and four however is full of adjectives such as; flashed, volleyed, thundered, boldly and shattered, they are all quite striking words and they are used by the poet to create a dramatic and vivid picture. This is the same in verses five and six but they also include words such as; hero, honour and noble. These are used to show the courage and bravery of the Brigade. I am now going to look at the diverse writing techniques used by both of the poets. Alliteration is a commonly used technique, in (1) there are numerous examples of it, â€Å"Far and near, low and louder,† (V2 line 1), and in this case the alliteration is used to imitate the steady beat that is made by the drummers as they approach the battle. Another example is, â€Å"Bleach the bones of comrades slain,† (V3 line 3), here it is used to emphasize the awful situation, and to make obvious that many, many people died. In (2) alliteration is also used quite frequently, â€Å"stormed at with shot and shell,† (V3 line 5); this is used to stress the violence and brutality of the battle. It is then use again, â€Å"horse and hero fell,† (v5 line 5), and this is used to put emphasis on the tragic circumstance the cavalry is in. Onomatopoeia is a word that imitates the sound it is describing; it is used only in (1). â€Å"Far I hear the steady drummer, Drumming like a noise in dreams†, (V1 lines 3 & 4), the word drum definitely sounds like the noise of a drum. It is used to create a feeling of rhythm and beat. It is then used again but in a different way, â€Å"Far the calling bugles hollo,† (V4 line 1), the poet hear has written what he thinks a bugle’s call sounds like this gives the reader a sense of the noises that would be heard on a battle ground. An oxymoron is two words that are put together but that actually contradict each other. One was found in (1) it was used to describe the sound the drum makes, â€Å"Far and near, low and louder,† (V2 line 1). It is impossible for something to be far and near, this is used to describe the feeling that the noise was all around them and coming from every direction. There aren’t any oxymorons in (2). Metaphors are a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is given to an object or action that it does not literally mean. There are no metaphors used in (1) whereas in (2) I found a couple, â€Å"Into the jaws of death, into the mouth of hell†, (V3 lines 7 & 8) of course there cannot literally be ‘jaws of death’ the phrase is used to represent death itself, it is almost personifying death by saying that it has a jaw and a mouth. Another not so strong metaphor was, â€Å"Flashed all their sabres bare. Flashed as they turned in air,† (V4 lines 1 & 2), their swords or sabres id not literally flash it just seemed like they did because the sun will have reflected off of them. Metaphors in both of these cases are used to create pictures in the readers’ heads. Assonance is the use of the repetition of a vowel sound, it was used in (1) only once, † high the screaming fife replies,† (V4 line 3) it is used to create a sense of rhythm and beat, the vowel sound may also represent the noise that the fife makes. In (2) Assonance is also used † Shattered and Sundered,† (V4 line 7), this again is used to create rhythm using this technique always accentuates the words and their meanings within the poem. Another example is, â€Å"All the world wondered,† (V6 line 3) this is a mix of alliteration and assonance and together these techniques make this phrase very powerful. Repetition is a brilliant way of creating rhythm in a poem it features heavily throughout (2), â€Å"cannon to the right of them, cannon in front of them, cannon to the left of them,† (V3 lines 1,2 & 3), as I said it creates rhythm and in this case also underlines the exceedingly difficult position they are in. At the end of every verse in (2) a line is repeated which alters slightly throughout the poem, in verses 1, 2 and 3 the finishing line is, â€Å"Rode the six hundred.† Whereas in verse 4 it is, â€Å"Not the six hundred,† verse 5 it is, â€Å"Left of six hundred,† and on the finishing verse, verse 6 it is, â€Å"Noble six hundred.† By using this at the end of every verse it shows how they are managing in the battle, and it gives an overview of what happened in the verse. In (1) there is no repetition at all. Rhyme is the most commonly thought of technique in poetry, in (1) rhyme is used very strongly throughout the poem. In every verse the words at the end of line one and three rhyme and the ends of lines two and four rhyme and this pattern does not break once, it creates rhythm and makes the poem flow, this makes it pleasant for the reader. In (2) rhyme is used an awful lot, again at the end of lines but it is not as organised its very random. For example, â€Å"Theirs is not make reply, Theirs is not to reason why, Theirs is but to do or die,† (V2 lines 5,6 & 7), this creates strong rhythm and lays emphasis on that particular section. In conclusion, I think that these poems are very different in size, layout, language and writing style. They have very little in common and both look at the experience of war in very different ways. ‘On the Idle Hill is dreamy, still and tranquil whereas ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ is dramatic, vivid and striking.

Long-Range Planning in the Present World Environment Assignment

Long-Range Planning in the Present World Environment - Assignment Example Terror attacks, war, and nuclear dilemmas facing the world were additional topics requiring brainstorming at the event. Former U.S. President Clinton maintained that climate change is the only crisis "that has the power to end the march of civilization as we know it." Otherwise, "There is no reason for pessimism," declared Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell (Environment News Service 2006). A Dutch managing director claimed that 'long-range planning is nowadays seen as an academic exercise' given that the times are uncertain and the environment turbulent. We have heard that the polar ice cap was depleted by a staggering fourteen percent between the years 2004 and 2005. Now if another Ice Age was to commence in six to seven years and we were sure that this would happen, companies could do away with long-range planning. Since there is no definite date for the end of the world, however, companies must do what they have always done - plan and forecast. Yes, there are forces beyond the control of people of the world. Besides, threats of violence around the globe have not been put to an end. We have already witnessed the effects of war and terror on the economic state of the world. Still, uncertainty has always been the present state of the world. ... Companies of all sizes continue to operate everywhere on earth. Life is going on without any surety as to what would happen in five to ten years' time. Natural disasters do occur and both small and large companies do lose a lot of money. Firms die and new ones are born. CEO's retire and younger ones take their place. Nevertheless, companies must continue to make long term plans about running their businesses as productively as possible, taking into account the external factors that could disturb the process in between. No company can survive with its focus on a big scale disaster. Therefore, businessmen would go on making budgets and deciding how to increase their sales over the coming years. Short and long term planning combined is the lifeblood of all firms and would be carried on for as long as the earth endures. Furthermore, today's business environment is fast changing because of innovations in technology. Companies must be taking into account all factors that spell change whils t planning; these factors not only include technology but also forces that the world does not fully understand at this point in time. As Gordon C. Robbins (1995) puts it, "A good deal of organizational planning . . . is like a ritual rain dance. It has no effect on the weather that follows. . . . Much of the advice related to planning is directed at improving the dancing, not the weather." Long-Range Planning Business planning has two aspects: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative planning is number crunching based on market reports, for example. Qualitative plans, on the other hand, consist of descriptions and explanations. A long-range business plan includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects. It is the qualitative aspect that

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 55

History - Essay Example Though people from various cultures still existed, there was less interaction mainly because of language barriers. For instance in the US, the Spanish-speaking people felt secluded mainly in the education sector. The reason for these concerns was that non-English speakers did not have their own schools. Instead, they were taught together with the other students who spoke English language natively. During this time, there was no bilingual education, meaning there was little interaction, hence little cultural diversity. The scenario was unique to the US alone as other continents had similar issues. Further, to language barrier, it is in the 20th centuries that many counties, especially in Asia and Africa were under colonialists. In many of these countries, the whites did not freely interact with the locals (Korhonen p.395). However, during the same period minority groups started demanding their rights in every social sector including education. Consequently, governments in various countries started granting these rights resulting in cessation of animosity. For instance, in the US the Congress responded to Spanish-speaking minority groups’ demands by passing the Bilingual education Act that allowed non-native to receive education in own language. Thus, it could be concluded that cultural diversity was somewhat paradoxical because of colonialism coupled with marginalization of some races. However, the statement might seem inaccurate to people who had received independence earlier (Korhonen p.396). The Third World Radicalism was a movement that was started in the Latin America, and sought to address several issues. First on the list was the dependency that the third world countries had on the developed nations. According to the group, there were issues to do with inequality and unjust situations that the third world countries faced. For instance, the group claimed that whereas the developed countries had higher education, economic and

Hispanic Community Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hispanic Community - Personal Statement Example As far as I am concerned, if they cannot speak my language, then they are not in the right place. Countless who are connected inside the immigration arguments presupposes that there have been two sets of people inside this realm, immigrates along with non-immigrants. Their point of views draws a profound dark line amidst citizens, marking a characteristic where, in reality, does not subsist. Most members of our community looks like me. However, within my area more and more Mexicans, Muslims and Africans are moving in. Where as most of us would know, these people are very much different from what I look like, physically, mentally, even emotionally. On the other hand, for the longest time that they have been dealing with people who are locals in my community, they may have adopted already our way of life. As you may observe the majority of citizens within our town is White. Hispanics are the principal minority and their population is growing rapidly. With these figures of races, our town does not require to cope with a lot of prejudice or even discrimination. Since the composition of the (city) marginal population progresses, the quantity of immigrants existing here has sustained its quick increase in current years. The colored populations are made up of about 7.4% inside Rock Island County's inhabitants during the year 2000. Local administration administrators said that they anticipate the integer of Hispanics living within the Quad-Cities to practically increase twofold within the following 15 years, revealing a national drift. The greater part of the Hispanic folks repositioning towards the (city) hailed from Mexico, visioning of an enhanced life which can probably be afforded within their native soil.I think leaders within my community are giving special attention towards immigrants. Just like Ms. Camarillo-Martinez she said that she anticipates Hispanic depiction taking place on the Moline City Council as well as municipality boards to boost. Before now, numerous committees impart reports towards the council. Ms. Camarillo-Martinez said, "The connection among the government along with the Hispanic society is really nice.''Despite the fact that programs were present following World War II which permitted Mexican migr to be employed inside the United States of America on a provisional basis, thousands and thousands of Mexicans unrelenting to locate their way towards North of the boundary without records. During 1986, an official pardon program granted documentation for about 2.5 million Mexicans employed inside the U.S.I can see that people inside my community treat each and everyone with respect, may it be a local or an immigrant. I think that everyone must be in this manner so that cruelty and unkindness within the community would be lessen or may possibly be taken out permanently. I am a (type of race). Accordingly, within the United Kingdom, (type of race) are more apt than inside the United States to illustrate citizens from the Caucasus, even though it could still be exercised as a racial arrangement. Physically we (type of race) have (light skin also with our eyes; we have slim noses, along with lean lips) - your description. Some of us usually have wavy or straight hair.The local media embodies citizens like me, through televisions, newspapers, radios, etc. Just like in this newspaper, stating that why must a scheme which will recompense its staff poverty income receive subventions and special

Behavioval Science and Human Relations Term Paper

Behavioval Science and Human Relations - Term Paper Example It is considered that each of these internal systems possess specific control behaviors. It is assumed that the probabilities of transition between these internal states predict human behaviors in varying social contexts. The trends in these interstate transitions are calibrated and hierarchically organized by behavioral scientists to understand long term and short term human behaviors. It is these two ranges of behaviors which makes the foundation for human behavior and human relations. Such a modeling of human behavior can be helpful in many ways. These models can be used to develop human-machine systems which can assess and recognize human behavior. This could even be used to predict human behavior. Here the requirement is to have inputs for this system on the internal human states. However, the challenge here is that these human states are not readily observable. These internal states are to be estimated through an indirect estimation process. There are several researches on beha vioral science which has led to the designing of models which can estimate these internal human states. For instance, Pentland & Liu (199) has used a model termed Hidden Markov Model (HDD) to undertake this assessment and were able to recognize human driving behaviors and predict the pattern of human control states. It has been claimed that they were able to do accurate predictions and anticipate human behavior even up to few seconds in future. Behavioral science uses several human systems to analyze human behavior and relations. It has been recorded that human behaviors like speech, handwriting and hand gestures can be precisely recognized through some of the assessment models(Pentland & Liu, 1999). However, very detailed properties like smoothness and continuity are required to go up to the level of accurate simulation and prediction. Sharper models are required to capture the additional properties of smoothness and continuity. The application of these behavioral models in managem ent is based on the basic theory that every employee moves within his own unique system of human behavior. These are further influenced by the cultural, environmental and the experience based conditioning of each individual. It is important to understand these factors as it is these factors which make an individual to react in a particular when it comes to human relations. Thus it is important in management to understand these factors. It is these factors which constitutes that particular individual’s behavioral system. Thus if one could identify the factors within the behavioral system of an individual, the management will be in a position to predict that individual’s response in a given situation. The Human Relations approach The consideration of human behavior and elementary drivers of human behaviors in management has evolved as different school of thought in management, which is termed to be the human relations approach (Likert, 1961). This school of thought is ho wever, contradictory to the conventional management concepts. While the conventional management theories rely on rationalizing of management processes, the human relations approach leaves ample space for human behavior and emotions within in management. In simpler words, classical theories of management quantify work and work routines through tangible markers whereas the human relations approach accommodates emotional and relational needs of individuals

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 55

Journal - Essay Example He then says he can name countries that can consume the whole nation without regardless of the preservation (Lynch n.d.). He uses allusion to confront England due to its proximity. His allusion directly hits the English for misusing Ireland. He, however, does not spare his wrath to Ireland. In the course of his literature, he presents various alternative solutions that it can use to solve its problems. He puts that none of his suggestions was put into practice. In his literature, he stresses on the extent and number of Ireland’s social problems, neglect, and indifference that the citizens had to encounter (Lynch n.d.). Swift uses an adopted persona to ridicule the people who recommend economic and political solutions to Ireland without considering the human cost that will be involved. With an overwhelming irony, he demonstrates the inhumanity of patterns meant to alleviate the sufferings from the poor. Absurd principles form the basis of the schemes (Lynch

Properties, plant, and equipment in accounting theory Essay

Properties, plant, and equipment in accounting theory - Essay Example 2) Group costing (recording the cost as 800,000 for all the equipment together) affects the costing of the equipment in two ways. First, it is challenging to depreciate the items because they have different depreciation rates (Liapis & Christodoulopoulou, 2011). However, this risk may be eliminated in case their depreciation rate is the same. Second, it creates a reporting and cost allocation challenge, as the cost accountant cannot allocate costs effectively with group costing. Operational costs on the assets become hard to allocate. However, costing the items independently (single costing) will facilitate reporting because some of the equipment should be capitalized (fixed assets) while some would be expensed (inventory). 3) Group costing reduces the profit of the business. First, it increases the depreciation expense, which has a negative effect on the profit of the business. Group costing also eliminates gain on sale of the expenses assets (Herrmann, Thomas & Saudagaran, 2011). Introduction of unwarranted depreciation also affects the value of the assets as it lowers the item values in the end. However, single costing does not affect the value of the assets and maintains the profit of the business high, as the gains on sale are included in sales while the depreciation expense is removed. 4) The first problem imminent from the transaction is the possibility of double costing. In case the items are recorded as lump sum amount means that in case some of them are sold, they may be recorded again in sales without expensing them creating a double accounting problem (Weiss, 2012). Depreciation problem may also arise from the transactions. An accountant will find challenges in treatment of depreciation for the difference between the market value and purchase price. From the transaction, taxation challenges can also arise. When the transaction is taxed, the amount to be taxed may challenge the accountant. The

The European Court of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The European Court of Human Rights - Essay Example This is with the respect that human rights and freedoms should be upheld and respected at all costs. In some instances, the European Court of Human Rights has come under sharp scrutiny and focus. This is a direct result of its overall mandate, jurisdictional application and accrued results (Mignon, 2012). This paper will dissect an article on the European Court of Human Rights. It will provide an in depth analysis and summation of the article with the aim of synthesizing the author’s thoughts. It should be realized that the need and respect for international justice and reprieve was one of the leading building blocks of the European Court of Human Rights. As a direct result, the pressure that the court faces over the years has created scenarios where the United Kingdom has opted to drop out of the convention. The court is experiencing fierce battles with many terming it a gross violator of human rights. This is a direct result of the many rulings and judgments made that favor terrorists and prisoners at the expense of ordinary people (Smith & Van-Der-Anker, 2005). In other instances, the court has been observed to blatantly ignore common sense in many of its rulings. During the formation of the court, Sir Winston Churchill envisioned a judicial process that could never interrupted. This was an emergent need as many governments had submerged many of their judicial ideals in totalitarianism and dictatorship. Churchill’s ideology was highly strengthened as the world watched the disaster that claimed lives during the Nazi regime. The court gained powers and support to ensure that it could adequately deal with such international injustices (Mignon, 2012). It is not possible to ignore the amount of work that has been concluded by the court. The court has set historical rulings at both individual and national level. This has guaranteed many people in Europe, rights and privileges that they could not previously attain. Despite this, there is a frenzy of r eactions that have decried the decisions arrived at by the court. In an analytical way, the author states that there are instances where the court has shrugged off external opinions regarding judicial interpretation (Smith & Van-Der-Anker, 2005). This is especially in cases where the court is seen to have handed down an unpopular judgment. In other areas, it has been observed that the court has failed to offer compensation to plaintiffs that rightfully deserved compensation. This is one of the reasons why the change of laws to counter the court’s rigidity has been presented by external pressures. The back log of cases that the court is experiencing is a direct result of the lengthy periods that take to interpret laws (Mignon, 2012). This results in inefficiency as speedy judgments are made without due consideration for all the required legal proceedings. In other areas, the court struggles to apply existing laws to new states. This is because the laws may not be directly appl icable in the new states. In conclusion, the author accepts that the creation of the European Court of Human Rights was a formidable idea. Over the years, the court has deliberated on a lot of issues. This is a direct result of law application and understanding (Keller & Sweet, 2008) . However, despite this positive strides, there a few areas that have been left behind. As a result, laws have been misinterpreted, a myriad of cases pending, threats of

Pizza USA Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Pizza USA Term Paper Essay Abstract This case involves Pizza USA, a small independent chain restaurant operation that offers both dine-in and carry-out services for customers that has received feedback for a potential change that will require the implementation of design process to add services. Currently, customers have indicated that they are pleased with the food offered by the restaurant but they would increase pizza purchases if a delivery service was available. This dilemma ties into two separate issues. First, in order to remain competitive within the industry, customer wants and preferences need to be heard. After all, if you cannot please your customer base, you will lose them. Secondly, the changes required must be done in a manner that combines data gathering and analysis and implementation of a plan that best suites this particular type of business in order to maximize success. Customer service has been a recurring theme in many discussions regarding business operations and management in recent weeks. The prevailing thought is that in order for your business to grow and be successful, you must identify what your customers want and find a way to deliver it. This paper will analyze and discuss how process design can be implemented to assist this business to achieve its goals. Within the process design analysis and discussion, several factors will be reviewed to include: identification of what customer satisfaction means to the business and how we can identify the things that are most valuable to customers, the potential net yield of achieving a high level of customer satisfaction and efficiency, and the characteristic of developing an efficient pizza delivery (from stove to door) system. The paper will also assess creation of market â€Å"advantages† to not only maintain but grow the customer base. Pizza USA: An Exercise in Translating Customer Requirements into Process Design In the last five years leading up to 2012, the Pizza Restaurants industry has experienced the results of a downturn in economy. Restaurants have been directly affected by changing market conditions such as changes in intense competition, decreasing consumer spending and an increase in overall health consciousness (Kalnins, A., Mayer, K. , 2004). However, despite such overwhelming odds and challenges, businesses were able to overcome economic hard times by reinventing themselves through creative marketing and adjusting their menu’s to adapt to customers preferences (Kelso, 2012). This allowed the industry to recover effectively and consumer spending and market growth returned in 2010. As more consumers returned to the restaurants, overall demand increased. The U. S. Pizza industry averages about 410 million pizzas per year (Kelso, 2012). In 2012 alone, pizza sales are expected to reach an incredible $36. 1 billion in revenue which is a 3. 8 percent increase from the previous year (Kelso, 2012). This growth is expected to continue at a rate of 2. 9 percent per year through 2017. Based on gathered data, 97 percent of U. S. consumers have ordered food from a pizza restaurant or establishment within the past 12 months (Kelso, 2012). No matter how you look at it, pizza consumption is on the rise and creates an exceptional opportunity for success in this industry. According to Gregory Badishkanian, a CITI Analyst, the big three of the pizza industry: Pizza Hut, Domino’s, and Papa Johns are currently in position to increase market share. (Bloomberg, 2012). Although the big three comprise of 30% of the total pizza market, the remaining 70% comprise largely of other large chains with less market coverage and of course the smaller independent chains (Kelso, 2012). While the larger chains are improving profits independent chains are struggling to stay afloat amidst the fierce competition among the larger more established companies such as the big three (Kelso, 2012). Understanding this dilemma, it would be most prudent for any independent restaurant operator to maximize operations by insuring that internal process design enables not only efficient productivity but generates a process that is customer friendly and focused on customer’s needs and preferences (Kalnins, A. , Mayer, K. , 2004). This would be critical in the business’ ability to survive in such a monopolistic type market. Successful operation within a smaller independent chain restaurant faces challenges that may not be as apparent to a larger and more established national chains. Pizza USA is a small chain operation that currently provides two services: dine-in and carry-out options. Customers have commented that if delivery services were added to the restaurant offerings, they would potentially buy more pizzas (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Based on this information, it is apparent that the owner needs to assess his business operations and consider a process design that would include adding this service to current operations. The addition of delivery services would potentially require additional capital to finance changes and may involve the hiring of additional staff. However, revenue increases as a result of the added service would off-set the costs associated with these additions. Near and long-term implications would include survivability within such a competitive market. As a customer, the primary focus of my satisfaction with this type of business relates primarily to efficiency and the level of customer service provided. If delivery service was provided, the two areas that would be most prevalent in my mind would be the delivery time and the state of the pizza once received. Far too often, I’ve received delivered food that was warm and in some cases cold. Needless to say, I never contacted that restaurant again. The thing that would create a unique experience would be the restaurant’s ability to not only deliver within an exceptional time period but also to provide a pizza that is piping hot as it would be while dining in. Another aspect would be an incentive to order delivery by way of discounting or some type of rewards service. These are experiences that have not been typical in my experience with pizza deliveries. Method. The perceived situational analysis are as follows: Strengths-Due to the smaller nature of the business, It could potentially create a more personal experience for the customers thus increasing customer satisfaction; Weaknesses-As a smaller business entity, they have less resources and limited options in implementing changes to meet customer demands. Also, the business would be less tolerant of negative impacts that may result from changes compared to larger established chains with additional resources available; Opportunities-A stronger customer relationship tends to allow more flexibility due to stronger loyalty among satisfied customers. Loyal customers are willing to wait changes out rather than making an initial determination and moving on to another business; Threats-The primary threats are of course the larger and more established chains such as the big three. Again, due to resourcing issues, these smaller and independent operations have less flexibility and opportunity if changes become less than desirable. The primary causes and effects are business survivability and customer satisfaction. Although these two areas are mentioned separately, they are in fact one. If changes are not made to meet customer needs and preferences, the business risks losing clientele and eventual closure. The term customer loyalty has been described as a process of capturing how well an organization is performing in three critical market measures: customer retention, share of wallet, and price sensitivity relative to competitors (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Studies have shown that customer loyalty relates directly to business success and survivability. There exists a major distinction between product design from the user’s standpoint from what may have been intended by the manufacturer (Jacobs Chase, 2011). The main difference deals primarily with the intended versus perceived usefulness of a given product. In short, if the customer’s input is not considered, product or process design could potentially be a major waste of time on the from end of the planning cycle with even a worse outcome once in the market. Table-1 below indicates quick-serve satisfaction rates among the top companies in the market to include the big three (Verma, R. , Thompson, G. , 1999). As you can see, each of the larger chains has high overall scores in customer satisfaction. Albeit, this is only one of many areas that could potentially be assessed. The independent chains can learn something from this data. The large chains didn’t survive the market and become who they are today without success in this particular area (Verma, R. , Thompson, G. , 1999). Table-1 Although the case situation described is consistent with most other business operations, â€Å"what can be done to be more profitable? † it is unique in itself due the detail andlevel of changes discussed. There are probably 100 areas that could be looked at that deals with efficiency and customer satisfaction. However, for the purpose of this paper we will only analyze the above mentioned areas. If assessing profitability and customer satisfaction is an everyday occurrence, which is the case in most businesses, then this case could most certainly be considered as a preexisting situation. However, this paper has little to do with assessing a documented loss in profits or revenue streams so the evolution is unknown at best. There are many course concepts that can be applied to understand this situation. However the two most prevalent areas of operations philosophy that comes to mind are: Chapter 3-Product and Service Design and Chapter 5-Process Analysis. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in chapter 3 discusses the process of getting the customer’s â€Å"voice† involved in design specifications (Jacobs Chase, 2011). This concept and application relates to any and all industries and organizations. It is directly related a process of studying and listening to customers to improve upon a product or service (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Measuring Process Performance in Chapter 5 primarily deals with how well a particular process is performing. This is accomplished by assessing many different types of metrics such as: productivity, efficiency, flow time, throughput, and value added time to name a few (Jacobs Chase, 2011). In order to adequately analyze whether your operation is running efficiently, a system of measurement is required to assess the performance. Results/Discussion The problem of addressing the customers’ needs and preferences are easily solved. Immediately implement planning to accommodate your customers’ request for the added feature of delivery service. Consider the most efficient manner of transition to minimize disruption to current business operations while planning the change. Insure that additional feedback is solicited and gathered from customers to re-validate the need to add the additional service and proceed with design process reviews and analysis to achieve goals. This satisfies the earlier discussion regarding identification of what the customer really wants and prefers. The task of developing and implementing the plan is what is the most difficult. Recommend that the owner begins with data gathering methods such as GAP Analysis. This method is used to assess the business’ performance relative to the expectations of its customers (Jacobs Chase, 2011). An additional form of Gap Analysis includes the benchmarking of certain industry standards and measures the business ‘performance against established standards within the industry (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Questions to be asked would be: What are other smaller independent chains offering? Is delivery service a value added service or just a waste of money? What are the industry standards in regards to delivery times and what is considered acceptable to customers? Do have the resources to provide that type of service or will it require additional equipment, supplies, vehicles and staff? This will allow the owner to see where his restaurant is versus where he wants to be. Moreover, this would be an ideal tool to gather additional information from Customers to obtain additional feedback. It can be accomplished in many ways such as through paper or email mailers and in store surveys. The method selected would primarily depend on the owner’s available resources and preferences and of course size of targeted population. The follow-on recommendation is to conduct a cost impact and payoff analysis using a decision tree or what some would call a consequence diagram. This process allows the planner to map out several alternatives with different end results to assess risk (Jacobs Chase, 2011). In essence it is a risk matrix. When planning or considering restaurant equipment purchases or even additional staff hires, this process could be beneficial in assessing the risks involved with each decision (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Table-2 is a representation of a typical decision tree used to make informed decisions. As you can see, it is a process of identifying the problem (or situation) and working through several COA’s to determine what works best for you. Table-2 Implementation is the next step. I would recommend the utilization of responsibility charts to organize and manage tasks. Again, this particular tool is a type of matrix that lists all the projects and tasks to be completed while identifying certain responsible parties or stakeholders (Jacobs Chase, 2011). In such a small business environment, it would probably be most beneficial for the owner to get all staff involved with the design process to obtain full buy-in.this can be accomplished through the use of this tool. Of all the steps involved with planning and execution, this is probably the most labor intensive due to the potential resourcing required. After plans are implemented, the owner needs to assess the customer reactions to the added service. Anticipating a given response and getting the actual response are sometimes two different things. Again, the same process used during the Gap Analysis can be used to capture post-implementation feedback from customers (Jacobs Chase, 2011). The bottom line is that as a small business, you more reliant on customer loyalty than larger chains and operations. As a result, you must pay attention to any feedback received regarding your products and services, In this case we’re talking about pizzas but it applies in many other situations and industries as well. Once the feedback id obtained develop a smart and affordable plan and implement the plan. Once you have transitioned fully into your new plan, solicit additional feedback from customers to see how things are going. You may find other areas of your business operations that require attention. Customer feedback has to be a part of your daily operations. Without it, your business is at serious risk. References Kalnins, A. , Mayer, K. , (Dec 2004), Franchising, ownership, and experience: A study of pizza restaurant survival. Management Science Journal, Vol. 50 Issue 12, p1716-1728, 13p, 3 Charts. doi: 10. 1287/mnsc. 1040. 0220 Kohli, A. , Gupta, M. , (Apr 2010), Improving operations strategy: Application of TOC principles in a small business. Journal of Business Economics Research, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p37-45, 9p Verma, R. , Thompson, G. , (1999), Managing service operations based on customer preferences. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Vol. 19 Issue 9/10, p891-908, 18p, 6 Charts Jacobs, F. R. , Chase, R. B. (2011), Operations and supply chain management. (13th ed. ), New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Kelso, A. , (Sep 2012), Survey: U. S. pizza market tops $40 billion, pizzamarketplace. com, Retrieved: 1 Mar 2013 http://www. pizzamarketplace. com/article/200667/Survey-U-S-pizza-market-tops-40-billion AP News, (Sep 2012), Analyst: Big pizza chains could take bigger slice, Bloomberg Business Week News, Retrieved: 1 Mar 2013 http://www. businessweek. com/ap/2012-09-18/analyst-big-pizza-chains-could-take-bigger-slice.

Roles And Responsibilities In Education And Training

Roles And Responsibilities In Education And Training Understanding roles, responsibilities and relationships in education and training Oxford Dictionaries defines a role as â€Å"the function assumed or part played by a person †¦.in a particular situation†. It defines responsibility as â€Å"a thing which one is required to do as part of a job, role, or legal obligation†. The role of a teacher is varied and you are required to â€Å"wear many hats: friend, counsellor, judge, mentor, hundreds of roles and different roles for different classes†¦ â€Å"(Holtrop, 1997). The teacher needs to create a safe learning environment, facilitates open communication, and encourages students to discuss the material, whilst assessing the various learning styles in order to utilize the most appropriate teaching methods. It is important that all students have equal access to the learning. The roles and responsibility of the teacher can best be understood in terms of the teaching cycle. This is based on the learning cycled developed by David. A. Kolb (1984). Identifying needs and planning: The teacher (as an evaluator) needs to assess the students in order to establish their learning styles. A widely used learning style model in education is known as VARK (Fleming 2006). It is important to understand previous learning experiences and such factors as special educational needs. Having completed the assessment and established their needs. The teacher needs to develop a lesson plan, reaching all the students and that will deliver the learning outcomes. Designing the learning: The teacher’s role is to develop a lesson plan to ensure the syllabus/course material are completed on time, taking into account the course length and sessions available. The teacher needs to design the sessions using different teaching methods that take into account the students learning style s. He will also need to consider the resources required and the assessment methods to be used. Implement (facilitate): The teacher (as facilitator) needs to deliver the plan of learning in such a manner to ensure students are engaged and focused in each session. Students will need to understand the aims of the session and the outcomes expected. The teacher needs to deliver the planned session material, using the various resources, activities (e.g. worksheets, QA) and teaching methods identified during the design stage. He needs to be aware that he may need to adapt the session if students experience difficulties. Assessing: The teacher (as the assessor) is responsible for the continuous assessment of the students in order to ensure students are involved and understand the session. It is important to use a variety of methods. Two of the most recognised are formative assessment which contributes to learning through providing feedback, and summative which demonstrates the extent of the learner’s success in meeting the required criteria. It must provide the teacher and student with a clear picture of the students understanding and progress being made. The assessments need to be reliable and consist enabling the teacher to provide any help required to make changes and improve the students’ progress. Evaluating: check learning and initiate change. The teacher must make sure all the administrative and organizational requirements have been completed, included the requirements by external bodies (i.e. awarding bodies). The teacher needs to evaluate the results of the students in the context of the course design, learning methods and resources used. This reflection needs to use to make the next session more successful. A teacher in the life-long learning sector needs to interact with other professionals depending on the situation. These may include managers, other support staff (e.g. librarians, technicians, facilities staff) administrators, managers, employers and governors. These conflicting demands may cause strain for the teacher. A teacher may be required to call on the expertise and advice of others in order to resolve issues faced by students e.g. abuse, illness, financial hardship, bullying, stress, study skills issues and depression. It is important to learn when a particular circumstance falls within their role or when it is more effectively dealt with by another trained professional. Often there is no clear line and it will depend on the issue the teacher is faced with, also causing strain. There are a variety of functions and professionals available to the teacher within the organization. A teacher is unlikely to come into contact with external professionals (e.g. Citizens Advice, Socia l Care), without prior internal consultation. A teacher must understand his own professional boundaries by acting professional, behaving appropriately towards students, being observant, managing inappropriate behaviour, creating a safe learning environment and only meeting students at the place of learning. He will undertake other many roles. Boundaries can be understood as the need to recognise role limitations and understand when further help is required, beyond what can be given. This is a point of referral and will depend on the nature of the student, the nature of the issue and the nature of the role the teacher is in. The teacher may identify behavioural issues and refer early to the tutor to resolve this. He may suspect undiagnosed cases of dyslexia or dyscalculia in more mature students and after discussions with the student, refer him to the learning support for assistance. A teacher may suspect a safe guarding issue (e.g. bullying at home or some form of abuse) due a student’s behaviour. This may be a vulnerable adult in a care situation. He should discuss this with the safe guarding officer and refer the student. The safe guarding officer can share information with other organisation to ensure appropriate action can be taken. Legislation applies to the lifelong learning sector and teachers must ensure that relevant legislation is met. It is important to keep up to date as it can change. A framework of acts has be implemented for the protection of children and vulnerable groups. The first, Protection of Children Act 1999 requiring adults who come into contact with children or vulnerable adults to be subject of an enhanced check by the Criminal Records Bureau. This was followed by the Children Act 2004 â€Å"Every Child Matters: Change for Children† (ECM). EMC promotes the well-being of children, young people (aged 0-19) and vulnerable adults focusing on five outcomes: Be healthy, Stay Safe, Enjoy and achieve; Make a positive contribution; and Achieve economic well-being. It introduced the requirement for information to be shared between organisations. The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups legislation 2006 aims to prevent unsuitable people from working with children or vulnerable adults by vetting (Dis closure and Barring Service) all those who wish to do such work and barring those who pose a risk of harm based on the information held. Within FE institutions the role of the Safe guarding officer brings all these requirements together, ensuring sharing with other groups takes place. Health and Safety at Work 1974. This sets out the general duties employers have towards employees and members of public, and employees have to themselves and to each other. It defines the duties (so far as is reasonably practicable) the employer has to look at what the risks are in the work place and to take sensible measures to tackle them. The teacher must ensure learners are briefed appropriately to ensure a safe classroom (e.g. fire briefing), and to undertake risk assessment for any activities outside the classroom. Data Protection Act 1998 defines the law on the processing of personal data and governs the protection of personal data held by companies and organisations. It sets out eight data prot ection principles that are required to adhere to. There is an exception allowing the sharing of data for safe guarding. A teacher must follow the policy set down by the organisation using the systems and tools provided e.g. attendance tracking, progress tracking etc. Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination in the work place and wider society. It brings together several pieces of legislation covering discrimination. It defines a number of protected characteristics (age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation) for which groups or individuals cannot be discriminated against. The teacher must be aware of these and ensure that he is inclusive and does not exclude any student. A teacher needs to be aware of the role of a number of other bodies such as: Ofqual regulates qualifications, examinations and assessments in England. Its task is to maintain standards by recognising and monitoring organisat ions that deliver qualifications. Ofsted inspects and regulates services which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. It set standards of teaching in schools and colleges, initial teacher education, work-based learning, and other such services through an inspection/regulatory framework in England. It is important that teacher’s know and understand Ofsted’s inspection framework. Awarding bodies develop and award qualifications to meet the needs of learners, employers and other stakeholders. They focus on developing qualifications, approving centres to deliver these. Teachers work closely with these bodies in the development of courses and delivery. Institute for Learning (IFL) is the independent body for individual teachers, trainers, tutors, assessors and other professional the further education and skills sector. It is important as it introduced a code of practise (2008), covering professional integrity, respect, reasonable care, and professional practise, thus providing a professional standard for FE teachers. Membership became voluntary (2012). Many of its responsibilities will be transferred to the Education and Training Foundation (2014). Task B reflective account Explain why it is important to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others It is important to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others to create a safe learning environment in which all students will have an equal opportunity to learn. This can be achieved through a defined set of ground rules for the group of learners. There are a variety of ways this can be achieved. I can set them as the teacher, or the learners can set them or we can do it together. It is best to have the rules agreed jointly and this can be done in a group discussion. Students are more likely to follow these grounds rules as they participated in their formation and will feel ownership. Ground rules should be written down and a copy given to all students and displayed in the classroom. I as the teacher still have a central role as Wallace (2007) states â€Å"The teacher can themselves provide a model of appropriate behaviour†. My behaviour needs to reinforce the â€Å"ground rules† by me being on time, treating all students as individuals, supporting students a s necessary, teaching in an inclusive way and encouraging students to behave in a positive way. This will establish a positive and respectful working relationship, enabling me to focus on managing and challenging inappropriate behaviour demonstrated by any of the students. The methods used by me need to address issues early, they need to be non-judgemental, not put a student down, or use inappropriate language. The key is to maintain respect. Explain ways to promote equality and value diversity It is vital to promote equality and diversity in the FE sector. As a teacher I have to be inclusive and accessible to all my students, respect and celebrate the diversity of them as individuals, and ensure that I exclude no one through my actions: Equality I must ensure that every student is treated in the same way and I meet their needs, and if need be in different ways. All students are entitled to be taught according to their needs irrespective of differences. I will have assessed each students learning style, and I have to adapt my teaching style to help students overcome any learning difficulties they might have. I need to take those differences in account when I delivery the course material, and have the appropriate resources available for students with disabilities or learning difficulties. I need to ensure classroom is physical suitable for all the students. I must challenge any inappropriate behaviour e.g. inappropriate discriminating language, bullying. Diversity This appli es to everyone regardless of age, sex, religion, race, or nationality. As a teacher I have to recognise that students learn in different ways, and to take this as well as their social/cultural backgrounds and the experience they bring with them into account. Lesson plans must include realistic learning challenges students can achieve, whilst allowing for diversity through differentiated activities. I must be prepared for these activities. These activities can draw on the diversity within the group e.g. different religious festivals, living in different cultures/countries, and different life experiences. Explain why it is important to identify and meet individual learner needs Petty (1998:69) states: ‘All students must feel that they are positively and equally valued and accepted, and that their efforts to learn are recognised, and judged without bias. It is not enough that they are tolerated. They must feel that they, and the groups to which they belong (e.g. gender, social-class or attainment groups) are fully and equally accepted and valued by you, and the establishment in which you work’. It is important for me as the teacher to identify and meet individual learner needs in order to ensure students’ can learn and achieve their goals irrespective of any barriers that might exist such as race, gender, social group, disability, age, sexual orientation or religion. Every learner must have equal access to the learning opportunity so he can maximise his potential. I do this by identifying needs of the students through continuously assessing their progress and their performance during the course and individual session. This taken with my p reviously established understand of their learning styles will allow me to prepare the session material in several ways to ensure all students needs are meet, that they are able to fully understand meet their learning outcomes. I must provide any students with special educational needs support within the regular session and not to isolate them. By understanding the students’ needs I can use a variety of different teaching styles (e.g. language, body language, visual aids, and multi-media material) to ensure none of the students are isolated and are able to fully participate in the session. It is also important to understand the students’ needs as this will enable me to gain an insight in what motivates them and why they want to learn. I can engage them more fully in the learning experience, leading to improved outcomes for them. In teaching Maslow’s â€Å"hierarchy of needs† (Maslow.A.1943) and the expectancy-value theory of motivation (Eccles.J.1983) pro vide a framework to understand motivation.